Wie ist "Humanismus" eigentlich definiert?
Ich habe bei meinen Internet-Recherchen die
Internationale Humanistische und Ethische Union entdeckt, einen internationalen Dachverband humanistischer Organisationen. Auf deren
Website findet sich eine Definition, besser gesagt, eine Charakterisierung des Humanismus, die 1996 von der Generalversammlung der IHEU offiziell angenommen wurde und seither insofern verbindlich ist, als deren Akzeptanz Voraussetzung ist für die Aufnahme einer Organisation in den Dachverband:
"Humanism is a democratic and ethical life stance, which affirms that human beings have the right and responsibility to give meaning and shape to their own lives. It stands for the building of a more humane society through an ethic based on human and other natural values in the spirit of reason and free inquiry through human capabilities. It is not theistic, and it does not accept supernatural views of reality."———
"Der Humanismus ist eine demokratische und ethische Lebenseinstellung, die bejaht, dass Menschen das Recht und die Verantwortung haben, ihrem eigenen Leben Bedeutung und Gestalt zu verleihen. Er steht für die Errichtung einer humaneren Gesellschaft durch eine Ethik, die im Geiste der Vernunft und der freien, die menschlichen Fähigkeiten einsetzenden Forschung auf menschlichen und anderen natürlichen Werten beruht. Er ist nicht theistisch und er akzeptiert keine supernaturalistischen Ansichten über die Wirklichkeit." [© meine Übers.]
(
http://www.iheu.org/minimumstatement)
Siehe auch die Website der British Humanist Association:
http://www.humanism.org.uk/humanismDort steht unter anderem:
"Humanism is a naturalistic view, encompassing atheism and agnosticism as responses to theistic claims, but is an active and ethical philosophy far greater than these reactions to religion."Demnach sind alle Humanisten entweder positive Atheisten oder Agnostiker, die zu den negativen Atheisten zählen.
Und der bekannte englische Philosoph
A. C. Grayling schreibt:
"For convenience I use the term 'humanists' to denote those whose ethical outlook is non-religiously based - which is, in other words, premised on humanity's best efforts to understand its own nature and circumstances."(
http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree ... ndreligion)
Und noch ein längeres Zitat:
"We come closer to what humanism today really means when we speak of scientific humanism and naturalistic humanism. Scientific humanism is also atheistic, placing science and technology as the means to the understanding of our universe in opposition to biblical or other mythology. And it promotes the power of humanity to unfurl the secrets of the universe, to stride forward in the pursuit of knowledge, to take control of its own existence and to promote the well-being of the species. These are certainly humanistic ideas but have belonged to the scientific (and often socialist) world.
Naturalistic humanism comes much closer to the centre core of the word 'Humanism'. It was a designation given by the American philosopher Corliss Lamont who saw Humanism as a philosophy of life which rejected supernatural beliefs of any kind, in favour of Nature as the only reality in which the human being can operate. Science alone can provide the necessary facts of existence and the human being is the result of evolutionary development through the products of Nature, just the same as any other aspect of Nature. It is the human being alone who has the potential of free choice, of solving the problems of life, of basing ethical and moral decisions on existential grounds alone, and who can work for the promotion of the happiness and common good of all people, in every aspect of life. These are all aspects that have been embraced by many Humanists today (...).
Possibly the best qualifying term to use is that of 'secular humanism' (...). The term immediately defines humanism as firmly rooted in existence itself, and as in contradistinction to religious belief. And this is the way in which most people would view humanism today—an atheistic stance to life which stresses the fulfillment of the potentialities of each human being in a happy, just, democratic and peaceful world. It has come to be associated with a non-religious ideology and philosophy which stresses one life for each person, and total annihilation at death. Because of this rejection of religion, the term 'secular humanism' is a good one, for we are immediately aware of the non-religious (and occasionally definitely anti-religious) nature of humanism, the secular as opposed to the religious, the emphasis on this life as opposed to some ideological afterlife. Naturalistic humanism, however, has similar viewpoints."(Fowler, Jeaneane D.
Humanism: Beliefs and Practices. Brighton: Sussex Academic Press, 1999. pp. 21-2)
Wenn ich das lese, dann komme ich zu dem Schluss, dass "Humanismus" im Grunde nur ein anderer Name des Naturalismus beziehungsweise des ethischen Aspekts desselben ist.